Tutorial 3

Sessions

We will start this tutorial by first telling the system to store the session information in the database. To do so, first type the following command:

rake db:sessions:create

which will create a new migration for storing sessions in the database. You can check the new migration under db/migrate. The session_id attribute corresponds to the id that is stored in the browser cookie. Data is the data that you store in the session serialized in a text field. The updated_at attribute will allow you to check the last time and day the user accessed the application.

Unfortunately, the string data type created for session_id causes problems in some browsers. So, I suggest you use a text field instead. Hence, change the line for the session_id to:

t.text :session_id, :null => false

Now, run the migration to add this table to the database.

rake db:migrate

We have not yet told the application to use the database to store the session data in the table we have just created. To do so, edit the file config/environment.rb and uncomment the line

config.action_controller.session_store = :active_record_store 

Also, go to app/controllers/application.rb, and remove the commenting # sign for secret. You should have something that looks like:

protect_from_forgery  :secret => 'some long hash string'

Now, stop and restart the server for these changes to take effect. As you are storing all the session information in the database, this is a good time to think about what is best to store in a session. Generally, we would like to store only simple information that does not change over time. For example, storing user's name may not be the best idea if you expect that the user may edit their name. Their user id is a better choice, using the id you can read their name from the database (we will do so in a minute). Of course, you can choose to store the name in the session but you must update it in the session anytime you change it elsewhere.

CRUD (create, read, update, delete)

We have seen that the scaffolding application allows you to create, read, update and delete objects from a class that is stored in a database. We will examine the functionality generated by scaffolding in more detail in this section.

Edit/New actions call the corresponding html.erb files under views. The submit_tag creates a button when pressed sends a post request to the application. For many reasons, it is highly recommended that any action that changes data in the database should be invoked by a post request. You can also see that in link.html.erb:

link_to 'Destroy', book, :confirm => 'Are you sure?', :method => :delete 

The link for deleting a book requires a "delete" method. This is a stronger version of post. Rails will substitute post for this method if your browser does not support delete.

Let us now look at books controller. You can see that when we call this action, it first reads all the books from the database with the method:

@books = Book.all

Then, in index.html.erb file, it iterates through each book with the line:

@books.each do |book|

where each tuple will be read into the variable book which is an object from the class Book. Then, we can simply access each attribute as if it was an attribute of the object class Book.

In addition to finding all the tuples in the database, you can simply query these tuples by the find method. For example:

   @books = Book.find(:all, conditions => ["title = :title", {:title = "Database Systems"}])

is equivalent to finding books with the title 'Database Systems' or executing the query

select * from books where title = 'Database Systems'

Incidentally, rails generates an accessor method for all named columns. So, we could write the same query using:

   @books = Book.find_by_title("Database Systems")

The result is the same, the variable @books contains a set objects. We can now iterate through these objects using a command like:

<% for book in @books %>
    <%= book.title %>
<% end %>

which will display the title of all the books. There are many other methods defined for database backed classes, all handled by the ActiveRecord class. To read more about ActiveRecord , see API.

Another thing to note is how we access individual tuples. For example, the line:

<%= link_to 'Show', book %>

triggers the action show and sends the chosen book object to the action show. Internally, Rails knows that the identifier for the input object is id. The show action in the controller now has to first retrieve that book with the given id from the database:

@book = Book.find(params[:id])

and display in the show.rhtml file.

Go through the actions in this controller and their corresponding views to familiarize yourself with the rails classes.

Adding data

Now, when we start the application, we would like to have a number of books objects so that we can test our code. To do so, let us create a new migration:

ruby script/generate migration add_books

Now, edit the corresponding migration file:

class AddBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    self.down
    Book.create(:name => 'Fundemantals of Database Systems',
      :author => 'Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe ',
      :description => 'Combines clear explanations of theory and design, 
      broad coverage of models and real systems. Excellent examples with up 
      to date introductions to modern database technologies are included.',
      :isbn => '0-3213695-7-2',
      :price => 88.24)
    Book.create(:name => 'Database Management Systems',
      :author => 'Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke',
      :description => 'Database Management Systems provides comprehensive 
      and up-to-date coverage of the fundamentals of database systems. 
      Coherent explanations and practical examples have made this one of 
      the leading texts in the field.',
      :isbn => '0-0712305-7-2',
      :price => 82.66)
      
    Book.create(:name => 'Database Systems: An Application Oriented Approach, Compete Version',
      :author => 'Michael Kifer, Arthur Bernstein, Philip M. Lewis ',
      :description => 'Database Systems: An Application Oriented Approach, 
      Complete Version, Second Edition presents the principles underlying the 
      design and implementation of databases and database applications, 
      covering Object Databases, Security, XML and Data Mining and Web 
      Services topics.',
      :isbn => '0-3212684-5-8',
      :price => 105.12)
  end

  def self.down
    Book.delete_all
  end
end

At first we are deleting all the existing books and adding new ones with the Book.create method. The create method creates new tuples and then saves them. Now, run this migration as usual and check the contents of the books table in your application.

-- SibelAdali - 14 Sep 2009